Electronic system and method for selectively allowing access to a shared memory

ABSTRACT

An electronic system, an integrated circuit and a method for display are disclosed. The electronic system contains a first device, a memory and a video/audio compression/decompression device such as a decoder/encoder. The electronic system is configured to allow the first device and the video/audio compression/decompression device to share the memory. The electronic system may be included in a computer in which case the memory is a main memory. Memory access is accomplished by one or more memory interfaces, direct coupling of the memory to a bus, or direct coupling of the first device and decoder/encoder to a bus. An arbiter selectively provides access for the first device and/or the decoder/encoder to the memory based on priority. The arbiter may be monolithically integrated into a memory interface. The decoder may be a video decoder configured to comply with the MPEG-2 standard. The memory may store predicted images obtained from a preceding image.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/424,389, filed Apr. 15, 2009, and allowed Apr. 9, 2010; which is acontinuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,542,045, issued Jun. 2, 2009; which is acontinuation of U.S. Pat. No. 7,321,368, issued Jan. 22, 2008; which isa continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,194, issued Jul. 30, 2002; whichis a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,459, issued May 2, 2000. All ofthe U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patentapplications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications andnon-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listedin the Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, intheir entirety.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO OTHER RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application contains some text and drawings in common withU.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/702,911, filed Aug. 26, 1996, andissued Sep. 22, 1998 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,789, entitled: “VIDEO AND/ORAUDIO DECOMPRESSION AND/OR COMPRESSION DEVICE THAT SHARES A MEMORYINTERFACE” by Raul Z. Diaz and Jefferson E. Owen, which had the sameeffective filing date and ownership as the present application, and tothat extent is related to the present application, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to the field of electronic systems havinga video and/or audio decompression and/or compression device, and ismore specifically directed to sharing a memory interface between a videoand/or audio decompression and/or compression device and another devicecontained in the electronic system.

The size of a digital representation of uncompressed video images isdependent on the resolution and color depth of the image. A moviecomposed of a sequence of such images, and the audio signals that goalong with them, quickly become large enough so that, uncompressed, sucha movie typically cannot fit entirely onto a conventional recordingmedium such as a Compact Disc (CD). It is now also typicallyprohibitively expensive to transmit such a movie uncompressed.

It is therefore advantageous to compress video and audio sequencesbefore they are transmitted or stored. A great deal of effort is beingexpended to develop systems to compress these sequences. Several codingstandards currently in use are based on the discrete cosine transferalgorithm including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.261, and H.263. (MPEG stands for“Motion Picture Expert Group”, a committee of the InternationalOrganization for Standardization, also known as the InternationalStandards Organization, or ISO.) The MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.261, and H.263standards are decompression protocols that describe how an encodedbitstream is to be decoded. The encoding can be done in any manner, aslong as the resulting bitstream complies with the standard.

Video and/or audio compression devices (hereinafter “encoders”) are usedto encode the video and/or audio sequence before it is transmitted orstored. The resulting bitstream is decoded by a video and/or audiodecompression device (hereinafter “decoder”) before the video and/oraudio sequence is displayed. However, a bitstream can only be decoded bya decoder if it complies with the standard used by the decoder. To beable to decode the bitstream on a large number of systems, it isadvantageous to encode the video and/or audio sequences in compliancewith a well accepted decompression standard. The MPEG standards arecurrently well accepted standards for one-way communication. H-261, andH.263 are currently well accepted standards for video telephony.

Once decoded, the images can be displayed on an electronic systemdedicated to displaying video and audio, such as television or a DigitalVideo Disk (DVD) player, or on electronic systems where image display isjust one feature of the system, such as a computer. A decoder needs tobe added to these systems to allow them to display compressed sequences,such as received images and associated audio, or ones taken from astorage device. An encoder needs to be added to allow the system tocompress video and/or audio sequences, to be transmitted or stored. Bothneed to be added for two-way communication such as video telephony.

A typical decoder, such as an MPEG decoder 10 shown in FIG. 1 a,contains video decoding circuit 12, audio decoding circuit 14, amicrocontroller 16, and a memory interface 18. The decoder can alsocontain other circuitry depending on the electronic system in which thedecoder is designed to operate. For example, when the decoder isdesigned to operate in a typical television, it will also contain anon-screen display (OSD) circuit.

FIG. 1 b shows a better decoder architecture, used in the STi3520 andSTi3520A MPEG Audio/MPEG-2 Video Integrated Decoder manufactured by STMicroelectronics, Inc., Carrollton, Tex. The decoder has a registerinterface 20 instead of a microcontroller. The register interface 20 iscoupled to an external microcontroller 24. The use of a registerinterface 20 makes it possible to tailor the decoder 10 to the specifichardware with which the decoder 10 interfaces, or to change itsoperation without having to replace the decoder by just reprogrammingthe register interface. It also allows the user to replace themicrocontroller 24, to upgrade or tailor the microcontroller 24 to aspecific use, by just replacing the microcontroller and reprogrammingthe register interface 20, without having to replace the decoder 10.

The memory interface 18 is coupled to a memory 22. A typical MPEGdecoder 10 requires 16 Mbits of memory to operate in the Main Profile atMain Level mode (MP at ML). This typically means that the decoderrequires a 2 Mbyte memory. Memory 22 is dedicated to the MPEG decoder 10and increases the price of adding a decoder 10 to the electronic system.In current technology, the cost of this additional dedicated memory 22can be a significant percentage of the cost of the decoder.

An encoder also requires a memory interface 18 and dedicated memory.Adding the encoder to an electronic system again increases the price ofthe system by both the price of the encoder and its dedicated memory.

FIG. 1 c shows a conventional decoder inserted in a computerarchitecture. A conventional computer generally includes a peripheralbus 170 to connect several necessary or optional components, such as ahard disk, a screen, etc. These peripherals are connected to bus 170 viainterfaces (e.g., a display adapter 120 for the screen) which areprovided directly on the computer's motherboard or on removable boards.

A Central Processing Unit (CPU) 152 communicates with bus 170 through aninterface circuit 146 enabling a main memory 168 of the computer to beshared between CPU 152 and peripherals of bus 170 which might requireit.

The decoder 10 is connected as a master peripheral to bus 170, that is,it generates data transfers on this bus without involving CPU 152. Thedecoder receives coded or compressed data CD from a source peripheral122, such as a hard disk or a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM),and supplies decoded images to display adapter 120. Recent displayadapters make it possible to directly process the “YUV” (luminance andchrominance) image data normally supplied by a decoder, while a displayadapter is normally designed to process “RGB” (red, green, blue) imageinformation supplied by CPU 152.

Display adapter 120 uses memory 12-1 for storing the image underdisplay, which comes from the CPU 152 or from the decoder 10. Aconventional decoder 10 also uses dedicated memory 22. This memory istypically divided into three image areas or buffers M1 to M3 and abuffer CDB where the compressed data are stored before they areprocessed. The three image buffers respectively contain an image underdecoding and two previously decoded images.

FIG. 1 d illustrates the use of buffers M1 to M3 in the decoding of asequence of images I0, P1, B2, B3, P4, B5, B6, P7. I stands for aso-called “intra” image, whose compressed data directly corresponds tothe image. P stands for a so-called “predicted” image, thereconstruction of which uses pixel blocks (or macroblocks) of apreviously decoded image. Finally, B stands for a so-called“bidirectional” image, the reconstruction of which uses macroblocks oftwo previously decoded images. The intra and predicted images are likelyto be used to reconstruct subsequent predicted and bidirectional images,while the bidirectional images are not used again.

Images I0 and P1 are respectively stored in buffers M1 and M2 duringtheir decoding. The filling and the emptying of a buffer in FIG. 1 d areindicated by oblique lines. The decoding of image P1 uses macroblocks ofimage I0. Image I0, stored in buffer M1, is displayed during thedecoding of image B2, this image B2 being stored in buffer M3. Thedecoding of image B2 uses macroblocks of images I0 and P1. Image B2 isdisplayed immediately after image I0. As the locations of buffer M3become empty, they are filled by decoded information of image B3. Thedecoding of image B3 also uses macroblocks of images I0 and P1. Onceimage B3 is decoded, it is displayed immediately, while image P4 isdecoded by using macroblocks of image P1. Image P4 is written over imageI0 in buffer M1 since image I0 will no longer be used to decodesubsequent images. After image B3, image P1 is displayed while buffer M3receives image B5 under decoding. The decoding of image B5 usesmacroblocks of images P1 and P4. Image P1 is kept in buffer M2 until thedecoding of image B6, which also uses macroblocks of images P1 and P4,and so on.

Referring again to FIG. 1 c, when any component needs access to the mainmemory 168 either to read from or write to the main memory 168, itgenerates a request which is placed on the bus 170. When the request isa write, the data to be written is also placed on the bus 170. Therequest is processed and the data is then either written to or read fromthe main memory 168. When data is read from the main memory 168, thedata is now placed on the bus and goes to the component that requestedthe read.

There are typically many components in the computer systems that mayrequire access to the main memory 168, and they are typically allcoupled to the same bus 170, or possibly to several buses if there arenot enough connectors on one bus to accommodate all of the peripherals.However, the addition of each bus is very expensive. Each request istypically processed according to a priority system. The priority systemis typically based on the priority given to the device and the order inwhich the requests are received. Typically, the priority system is setup so no device monopolizes the bus, starving all of the other devices.Good practice suggest that no device on the bus require more thanapproximately 50% of the bus's bandwidth.

The minimum bandwidth required for the decoder 10 can be calculatedbased on the characteristics and desired operation of the decoder. Thesecharacteristics include the standard with which the bitstream is encodedto comply, whether the decoder is to operate in real time, to whatextent frames are dropped, and how the images are stored. Additionally,the latency of the bus that couples the decoder to the memory should beconsidered.

If the decoder does not operate in real time, the decoded movie wouldstop periodically between images until the decoder can get access to thememory to process the next image. The movie may stop and wait quiteoften between images.

To reduce the minimum required bandwidth and still operate in real time,the decoder 10 may need to drop frames. If the decoder 10 regularly doesnot decode every frame, then it may not need to stop between images.However, this produces very poor continuity in the images. This isproblematic with an image encoded to the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 standards, orany standard that uses temporal compression. In temporal (interpicture)compression, some of the images are decoded based on previous images andsome based on previous and future images. Dropping an image on which thedecoding of other images is based is unacceptable, and will result inmany poor or even completely unrecognizable images.

The computer can also contain both a decoder and encoder to allow forvideo telephony, as described above. In this case, not operating in realtime would mean that the length of time between the occurrence of anevent such as speaking at one end of the conversation until the event isdisplayed at the other end of the conversation—is increased by the timeboth the encoder and then the decoder must wait to get access to the busand the main memory. Not being able to operate in real time means thatthere would be gaps in the conversation until the equipment can catchup. This increases the time needed to have a video conference, and makesthe conference uncomfortable for the participants.

One widely used solution to allow a component in a computer system tooperate in real time is to give the component its own dedicated memory.Thus, as shown in FIG. 1 c, the decoder 10 can be given its owndedicated memory 22, with a dedicated bus 26 to connect the decoder 10to its memory 22. The dedicated memory 22 significantly increases thecost of adding a decoder 10 to the computer. A disadvantage of acomputer equipped with a conventional decoder is that it has anon-negligible amount of memory which is unused most of the time.

Indeed, memory 22 of the decoder is only used when decoded images arebeing viewed on the computer screen or need to be encoded, which amountsto only a fraction of the time spent on a computer. Thismemory—inaccessible to the other peripherals or to the CPU—has a size of512 Kbytes in an MPEG-1 decoder and Mbytes in an MPEG-2 decoder.Further, this memory is oversized, since it is obtained by usingcurrently available memory components.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present application discloses an electronic system that contains afirst device and video and/or audio decompression and/or compressiondevice capable of operating in real time. Both the first device and thevideo and/or audio decompression and/or compression device requireaccess to a memory. The video and/or audio decompression and/orcompression device shares the memory with the first device. The twodevices are coupled to the memory through a fast bus having a bandwidthof at least the minimum bandwidth needed for the video and/or audiodecompression and/or compression device to operate in real time.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention the two devices share anarbiter. The arbiter and Direct Memory Access (DMA) engines of the videoand/or audio decompression and/or compression device and of the firstdevice are configured to arbitrate between the two devices when one ofthem is requesting access to the memory. This allows both the videoand/or audio decompression and/or compression device and the firstdevice to share the memory.

When the video and/or audio decompression and/or compression device usedin an electronic system, such as a computer, already containing a devicethat has a memory the video and/or audio decompression and/orcompression device can share that memory, and the memory of the videoand/or audio decompression and/or compression device can be eliminated.Eliminating the memory greatly reduces the cost of adding the videoand/or audio decompression and/or compression device to the electronicsystem.

The decoder memory is part of the main memory of the computer. Thecomputer should have a fast bus (such as a memory bus, a PCI—“PeripheralComponent Interconnect”—bus, a VLB—“VESA (Video Electronics StandardsAssociation) Local Bus”, or an AGP—“Advanced Graphics Port”—bus, or anybus having a bandwidth sufficient to allow the system to operate in realtime) which will accept high image rates between the decoder, the mainmemory and the display adapter.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the decoderdirectly supplies a display adapter of the screen with an image underdecoding which is not used to decode a subsequent image.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the main memorystores predicted images which are obtained from a single preceding imageand also stores intra images which are not obtained from a precedingimage. The images directly supplied to the display adapter arebidirectional images obtained from two preceding intra or predictedimages.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the decoder isdisposed on the computer's motherboard.

An advantage of the present invention is the significant cost reductiondue to the fact that the video and/or audio decompression and/orcompression device does not need its own dedicated memory but can sharea memory with another device and still operate in real time.

A further advantage of the present invention is that the video and/oraudio decompression and/or compression device can share the memory witha device without being integrated into this device, allowing the firstdevice to be a standard device with some adjustments made to its memoryinterface.

Other advantages and objects of the invention will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art having reference to the followingspecification together with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b are electrical diagrams, in block form, of prior artdecoders.

FIG. 1 c is an electrical diagram, in block form, of a computerarchitecture including a conventional decoder.

FIG. 1 d, illustrates the use of image buffers in the processing of animage sequence by a conventional MPEG decoder.

FIG. 2 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of an electronic systemcontaining a device having a memory interface and an encoder anddecoder.

FIG. 3 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of a computer systemcontaining a core logic chipset designed for the CPU to share a memoryinterface with an encoder and/or decoder according to one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 4 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of a computerarchitecture including an encoder and/or decoder according to anotherembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of image buffers in the processing of animage sequence by an MPEG decoder according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of an embodiment of anMPEG decoder architecture according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an electrical diagram, in block form, of a computer systemcontaining a graphics accelerator designed to share a memory interfacewith an encoder and/or decoder.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 2 shows an electronic system 40 containing a first device 42 havingaccess to a memory 50, and a decoder 44 and encoder 46, having access tothe same memory 50. First device 42 can be a processor, a core logicchipset, a graphics accelerator, or any other device that requiresaccess to the memory 50, and either contains or is coupled to a memoryinterface. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, electronicsystem 40 contains a first device 42, a decoder 44, an encoder 46, and amemory 50, although, either the decoder 44 or encoder 46 can be used inthe video and/or audio decompression and/or compression device 80without the other. For ease of reference, a video and/or audiodecompression and/or compression device 80 will hereinafter be referredto as decoder/encoder 80. The decoder/encoder 80 may be a single device,or a cell in an integrated circuit; or it may be two separate devices,or cells in an integrated circuit. In the preferred embodiment of theinvention, the first device 42, decoder/encoder 80, are on oneintegrated circuit, however, they can be on separate integrated circuitsin any combination.

The decoder 44 includes a video decoding circuit 12 and an audiodecoding circuit 14, both coupled to a register interface 20. Thedecoder 44 can be either a video and audio decoder, just a videoencoder, or just an audio decoder. If the decoder 44 is just a videodecoder, it does not contain the audio decoding circuitry 14. The audiodecoding can be performed by a separate audio coder-decoder (codec)coupled to the first device 42, or through software. In the preferredembodiment of the invention, when the decoder/encoder 80 is in a systemcontaining a processor and is coupled to the processor, the audiodecoding is performed in software. This frees up space on the diewithout causing significant delay in the decoding. If the audio decodingis performed in software, the processor should preferably operate at aspeed to allow the audio decoding to be performed in real time withoutstarving other components of the system that may need to utilize theprocessor.

For example, current software to perform AC-3 audio decoding takes upapproximately 40% of the bandwidth of a 133 MHz Pentium. The encoder 46includes a video encoding circuit 62 and an audio encoding circuit 64,both coupled to a register interface 20. The encoder 46 can be either avideo and audio encoder, just a video encoder, or just an audio encoder.If the encoder 46 is just a video encoder, it does not contain the audioencoding circuitry 64. The audio encoding can be performed by a separateaudio codec coupled to the first device 42, or through software. In thepreferred embodiment of the invention, when the decoder/encoder 80 is ina system containing a processor and is coupled to the processor, theaudio encoding is performed in software, presenting the same advantagesof freeing up space on the die without causing significant delay in theencoding, as in the case of decoding discussed above. The registerinterfaces 20 of the decoder 44 and encoder 46 are coupled to aprocessor.

The decoder 44 and encoder 46 are coupled to the Direct Memory Access(DMA) engine 52. The decoder and encoder can be coupled to the same DMAengine as shown in FIG. 2, or each can have its own DMA engine, or sharea DMA engine with another device. When the decoder/encoder 80 are twoseparate devices or cells, decoder 44 and encoder 46 can still becoupled to one DMA engine 52. When the decoder/encoder is one device oris one cell on an integrated circuit, the DMA engine 52 can be part ofthe decoder/encoder 80, as shown in FIG. 2. The DMA engine 52 is coupledto the arbiter 82 of the memory interface 76. The arbiter 82 ispreferably monolithically integrated into the memory interface 76 of thedecoder or into the memory interface 72 of the first device. However,the arbiter 82 can be a separate cell or device coupled to the memoryinterfaces 76, 72 of the decoder/encoder 80 and the first device 42. Thearbiter 82 is also coupled to the refresh logic 58 and the memorycontroller 56 of the device into which it is monolithically integrated.The refresh logic 58, like the arbiter 82, can be monolithicallyintegrated into the memory interface 76 of the decoder, into the memoryinterface 72 of the first device, or can be a separate cell or devicecoupled to the arbiter 82.

The first device 42 also contains a memory interface 72 and a DMA engine60. The DMA engine 60 of the first device 42 is coupled to the memoryinterface 72 of the first device 72.

Both memory interfaces 72 and 76 are coupled to a memory 50. The memorycontrollers 56 are the control logic that generates the address thememory interfaces 72, 76 access in the memory 50 and the timing of theburst cycles.

In current technology, memory 50 is typically a Dynamic Random AccessMemory (DRAM). However, other types of memory can be used. The refreshlogic 58 is needed to refresh the DRAM. However, as is known in the art,if a different memory is used, the refresh logic 58 may not be neededand can be eliminated.

The decoder/encoder 80 is coupled to the memory 50 through devices,typically a bus 70, that have a bandwidth greater than the bandwidthrequired for the decoder/encoder 80 to operate in real time. The minimumbandwidth required for the decoder/encoder 80 can be calculated based onthe characteristics and desired operation of the decoder, including thestandard with which the bitstream is encoded to comply, whether thedecoder/encoder 80 is to operate in real time, to what extent frames aredropped, and which images are stored. Additionally, the latency of thebus 70 that couples the decoder/encoder 80 to the memory 50 should beconsidered.

A goal is to have the decoder/encoder 80 operate in real time withoutdropping so many frames that it becomes noticeable to the movie viewer.To operate in real time the decoder/encoder 80 should decode and/orencode images fast enough so that any delay in decoding and/or encodingcannot be detected by a human viewer. This means that thedecoder/encoder 80 has a required bandwidth that allows thedecoder/encoder 80 to operate fast enough to decode the entire image inthe time between screen refreshes, typically 1/30 of a second, with thehuman viewer unable to detect any delay in the decoding and/or encoding.To operate in real time, the required bandwidth should be lower than thebandwidth of the bus. In order not to starve the other components on thebus, i.e., deny these components access to the memory for an amount oftime that would interfere with their operation, this required bandwidthshould be less than the entire bandwidth of the bus. Therefore, a fastbus 70 should be used. A fast bus 70 is any bus whose bandwidth is equalto or greater than the required bandwidth. In current technology, thereare busses, including the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,whose bandwidth is significantly below the bandwidth required for this.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the decoder/encoder 80 iscoupled to the memory 50 through a fast bus 70 that has a bandwidth ofat least the bandwidth required for the decoder/encoder 80 to operate inreal time, a threshold bandwidth. Preferably the fast bus 70 has abandwidth of at least approximately twice the bandwidth required for thedecoder/encoder 80 to operate in real time. In the preferred embodiment,the fast bus 70 is a memory bus, however, any bus having the requiredbandwidth can be used.

The decoder/encoder 80 only requires access to the memory duringoperation. Therefore, when there is no need to decode or encode, thefirst device 42 and any other devices sharing the memory 50 haveexclusive access to the memory and can use the entire bandwidth of thefast bus 70.

In the preferred embodiment, even during decoding and encoding, thedecoder/encoder 80 does not always use the entire required bandwidth.Since the fast bus 70 has a bandwidth a little less than twice the sizeof the required bandwidth, the decoder/encoder 80 uses at most 60% ofthe bandwidth of the fast bus 70.

The required bandwidth is determined based on the size and resolution ofthe image and the type of frame (I, P, or B). In the preferredembodiment the decoder/encoder typically will be using less than 40% ofthe bandwidth of the fast bus 70. This frees up the remaining bandwidthto be used by the other devices with which the decoder/encoder 80 issharing the memory 50.

The decoder/encoder 80 can decode a bitstream formatted according to anyone or a combination of standards. In the preferred embodiment of theinvention, the decoder/encoder 80 is a multi-standard decoder/encodercapable of decoding and encoding sequences formatted to comply withseveral well accepted standards. This allows the decoder/encoder 80 tobe able to decode a large number of video and/or audio sequences. Thechoices of which standards the decoder/encoder 80 is capable of decodingbitstreams formatted to, and of encoding sequences to comply with, arebased on the desired cost, efficiency, and application of thedecoder/encoder 80.

In the preferred embodiment, these standards are capable of bothintrapicture compression and interpicture compression. In intrapicturecompression the redundancy within the image is eliminated. Ininterpicture compression the redundancy between two images iseliminated, and only the difference information is transferred. Thisrequires the decoder/encoder 80 to have access to the previous or futureimage that contains information needed to decode or encode the currentimage. These previous and/or future images need to be stored and thenused to decode the current image. This is one of the reasons thedecoder/encoder 80 requires access to the memory, and requires a largebandwidth. The MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards allow for decoding based onboth previous images and/or future images. Therefore, for adecoder/encoder 80 capable of operating in real time to be able tocomply with the MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards, it should be able to accesstwo images—a previous and a future image—fast enough to decode thecurrent image in the 1/30 of a second between screen refreshes.

An MPEG environment is asymmetrical; there are much fewer encoders thandecoders. The encoders are very difficult and expensive to manufacture,and the decoders are comparatively easy and cheap. This encourages manymore decoders than encoders, with the encoders in centralized locations,and decoders available such that every end user can have a decoder.Therefore, there are many receivers but few transmitters.

For video telephony and teleconferencing, each end user must be able toboth receive and transmit. H.261, and H.263 are currently well acceptedstandards for video telephony. An encoder that can encode sequences tocomply with the H.261 and H.263 standards is less complicated, having alower resolution and lower frame rate than an encoder that complies withthe MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 standards, possibly making the quality of thedecoded images somewhat lower than those from an encoder that complieswith the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 standards. Since it should be inexpensive andoperate in real time, such an encoder is also less efficient than anencoder to encode sequences to comply with the MPEG-1 or MPEG-2standards, meaning that the compression factor—which is the ratiobetween the source data rate and the encoded bitstream data rate—of suchan encoder is lower for a given image quality than the compressionfactor of an MPEG encoder. However, because such an encoder is lesscomplicated, it is much cheaper and faster than an encoder capable ofcomplying with the MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 standards. This makes videotelephony possible, since both a long delay in encoding the signal and acost that is prohibitively expensive for many users is unacceptable invideo telephony.

In the preferred embodiment, the decoder/encoder 80 is capable ofdecoding a bitstream formatted to comply with the MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.261,and H.263 standards, and encoding a sequence to produce a bitstream tocomply with the H.261, and H.263 standards. This allows thedecoder/encoder 80 to be able to be used for video telephony. Theencoding to comply with the H.261 and H.263 standards but not the MPEG-1and MPEG-2 standards balances the desire to reduce the cost oftransmission and storage by encoding to produce the highest compressionfactor and the desire to keep cost low enough to be able to mass marketthe device.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a computer where the decoder/encoder 80is sharing a main memory 168 with a core logic chipset 190. The corelogic chipset 190 can be any core logic chipset known in the art. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 3, the core logic chipset 190 is a PeripheralComponent Interconnect (PCI) core logic chipset 190, which contains aPCI core logic device 158, the processor interface 154, a memoryinterface 72, and bus interface 156 for any system busses 170 to whichit is coupled. The core logic chipset 190 can also contain anAccelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 160 if a graphics accelerator 200 ispresent in the computer, and an Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics(EIDE) interface 186. The core logic chipset 190 is coupled to aprocessor (Central Processing Unit or CPU) 152, peripherals such as ahard disk drive 164 and a Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) CD-ROM 166, a bussuch as a PCI bus 170, the arbiter 82, and the main memory 168.

In this embodiment, the main memory 168 is the memory 50 to which thememory interfaces 72 and 76 are coupled. The main memory 168 is coupledto the memory interfaces 72 and 76 through a memory bus 167. In currenttechnology the memory bus 167, which corresponds to the fast bus 70 forcoupling the core logic chipset to the memory, is capable of having abandwidth of approximately 400 Mbytes/s. This bandwidth is at leasttwice the bandwidth required for an optimized decoder/encoder 80,allowing the decoder/encoder 80 to operate in real time.

The core logic chipset 190 can also be coupled to cache memory 162 and agraphics accelerator 200 if one is present in the computer. The PCI bus170 is also coupled to the graphics accelerator 200 and to othercomponents, such as a Local-Area Network (LAN) controller 172. Thegraphics accelerator 200 is coupled to a display 182 and a frame buffer184. The graphics accelerator can also be coupled to an audio codec 180for decoding and/or encoding audio signals.

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a computer where the decoder/encoder80 is sharing the main memory 168. In this embodiment, the main memory168 corresponds to the shared memory 50 of FIG. 2. In FIG. 4, thedecoder/encoder 80 according to the present invention is connected as aperipheral to a conventional computer equipped with a fast peripheralbus 170, for example, a PCI bus, although the bus can be VESA Local Bus(VLB), an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus, or any bus having therequired bandwidth. In this embodiment, the fast peripheral bus 170corresponds to the fast bus 70. As shown, the decoder/encoder 80 doesnot have a dedicated memory, but utilizes a region 22′ of the mainmemory 168 of the computer.

Region 22′ includes a Compressed Data Buffer (CDB), into which imagesource 122 writes the compressed image data, and two image buffers M1and M2 associated with intra or predicted images. As will be seenhereafter, a buffer associated with bidirectional images is notrequired, these bidirectional images B being directly supplied todisplay adapter 120 as they are being decoded.

Thus, in the system of FIG. 4, compressed or coded data CD aretransferred from image source 122 to buffer CDB of memory 168. Thesesame compressed data are then transferred to the decoder/encoder 80which, if they correspond to intra or predicted images, retransmits themin decoded form to buffers M1 and M2 of memory 168. In the case wherethe compressed data correspond to bidirectional images, thedecoder/encoder 80 decodes these data and directly supplies displayadapter 120 with the decoded data. The display adapter then suppliesthese data to a display device such as a screen. The intra or predictedimages stored in buffers M1 and M2 are transferred to display adapter120 at the appropriate time and are used in the decoding of subsequentpredicted or bidirectional images.

With a decoder/encoder 80 according to the invention, the rates onperipheral bus 170 are particularly high, which is why a fast bus isneeded. However, the rate required is substantially decreased due to thebidirectional images not being stored in main memory 168, but beingdirectly sent to display adapter 120. According to the invention, thebandwidth used on a PCI bus is approximately 20% with an MPEG-1decoder/encoder and approximately 80% with an MPEG-2 decoder/encoder.These bandwidths correspond to worst case situations. The bandwidth intypical operation can be lower.

Of course, the storage capacity of the main memory 168 available forother uses is reduced during the operation of the decoder/encoder 80because the decoder/encoder 80 is using the memory region 22′. However,in this embodiment the size of region 22′ is decreased from the size ofthe dedicated memory 22 used in the prior art (FIGS. 1 a and 1 c) by oneimage buffer. The memory region 22′ is also only occupied while viewingvideo sequences. When the decoder/encoder is no longer used, memoryregion 22′ can be freed at once for the other tasks.

The modifications to be made on the computer to use a decoder/encoderaccording to the invention primarily involve software changes and arewithin the capabilities of those skilled in the art, who will find thenecessary information in the various standards relating to the computer.For the computer to be able to use its peripherals, it conventionallyexecutes background programs called peripheral drivers, which translatespecific addresses issued by the CPU or a master peripheral (such as thedecoder/encoder 80) into addresses adapted to the variable configurationof the computer.

For example, a peripheral driver associated with the decoder/encoderaccording to the invention translates the fixed addresses issued by thedecoder/encoder 80 to have access to its image memory into addressescorresponding to the physical location of region 22′, this region beinglikely to be variably assigned by the operating system according to theoccupancy of memory 168. Similarly, this peripheral driver answersrequests issued by image source 122 to supply compressed data bytransferring these data into buffer CDB of region 22′.

In an alternative embodiment the third image buffer M3 (FIG. 1 c)remains in the memory region 22′ used for the decoder/encoder 80. Aconventional decoder/encoder should be able to be used in severalapplications, especially to supply television images. In the case oftelevision, the images are supplied in interlaced form, that is, all theodd lines of an image are supplied prior to the even lines. An MPEGdecoder generally reconstructs the images in progressive form, that is,it supplies the image lines consecutively. The third image buffer M3 isthen necessary to store the bidirectional images in the order of arrivalof the lines (in progressive form) and then reread this image ininterlaced form. The third image buffer M3 may also be needed if thereis a delay between when the images are decoded and when they can beviewed, requiring the images to be stored.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of memory region 22′ in the decodingaccording to the invention of sequence I0, P1, B2, B3, P4, B5, B6, P7.Image I0 is stored in buffer M1 during its decoding. As the decoding andthe storage in buffer M2 of image P1 begins, image I0 is displayed. Themacroblocks used to decode image P1 are fetched from buffer M1. ImagesB2 and B3 are displayed as they are being decoded, the macroblocks usedfor their decoding being fetched from buffers M1 and M2. Image P1 isdisplayed while image P4 is being decoded and stored in buffer M1 in theplace of image I0. Image P1 is kept in buffer M2 until image B6 isdecoded and displayed, and so on.

FIG. 6 shows an architecture of an MPEG decoder according to theinvention. Like any conventional MPEG decoder, this decoder includes aVariable Length Decoder (VLD) receiving compressed data from a First-In,First-Out (FIFO) memory 30. The VLD is followed by a Run-Level Decoder(RLD), an inverse quantization circuit Q-1 and an inverse discretecosine transform circuit DCT-1. The output of circuit DCT-1 is suppliedto a first input of an adder 32, a second input of which receivesmacroblocks of a previously decoded image via a filter 34 and a FIFO 35.The decoded image data are supplied by the output of adder 32 and via aFIFO 37. FIFO 30 is supplied with compressed data from bus 10 via aninterface circuit PCI I/F 39.

A decoder according to the invention differs from a conventional decoderin that the interface circuit 39 also connects FIFOs 35 and 37 to bus170. A memory controller 41 calculates and supplies through bus 170 theaddresses corresponding to the various exchanges required.

The management of the addresses of buffers M1 and M2 is similar to thatperformed by the memory controller of a conventional decoder, sincethese addresses are, according to the invention, translated according tothe physical location of these buffers in memory 168 by a peripheraldriver. Moreover, the memory controller of a decoder/encoder 80according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is substantiallysimplified due to the absence of the third image buffer M3. The memorycontroller of a conventional decoder has to manage this buffer in aspecific way to avoid a bidirectional image under decoding being writtenover a bidirectional image under display.

FIG. 7 shows a computer where the decoder/encoder 80 is sharing a framebuffer 184 with a graphics accelerator 200. The graphics accelerator 200can be any graphics accelerator known in the art. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 7, the graphics accelerator 200 contains a Two-Dimensional(2D) accelerator 204, a Three-Dimensional (3D) accelerator 206, aDigital to Analog Converter (DAC) 202, a memory interface 72, and businterface 210 for any system busses 170 to which it is coupled. Thegraphics accelerator 200 can also contain an audiocompressor/decompressor 208, here an AC-3 decoder. The graphicsaccelerator 200 is coupled to a display 182, and a frame buffer 184.

In this embodiment, the frame buffer 184 is the memory 50 to which thememory interfaces 72 and 76 are coupled. The frame buffer 184 is coupledto the memory interfaces 72 and 76 through a memory bus 185. In thisembodiment, memory bus 185 corresponds to the fast bus 70. In currenttechnology the memory bus 185 for coupling a graphics accelerator to amemory is capable of having a bandwidth of up to 400 Mbytes/s. Thisbandwidth is more that twice the bandwidth required for an optimizeddecoder/encoder 80. This allows the decoder/encoder 80 to operate inreal time.

The graphics accelerator 200 can also be coupled to an audio codec 180for decoding and/or encoding audio signals. The PCI bus 170 is alsocoupled to a chipset 190, and to other components, such as a LANcontroller 172. In the present embodiment the chipset is a PCI chipset,although it can be any conventional chipset. The chipset 190 is coupledto a processor (CPU) 152, main memory 168, and a PCI bridge 192. The PCIbridge bridges between the PCI bus 170 and the ISA bus 198. The ISA bus198 is coupled to peripherals, such as a modem 199 and to an EIDEinterface 186, which is coupled to other peripherals, such as a harddisk drive 164 and a DVD CD-ROM 166, although, if the peripherals arecompatible to the PCI bus the EIDE interface 186 can be integrated intothe PCI chipset 190 and the peripherals 164 and 166 can be coupleddirectly to the PCI chipset, eliminating the PCI bridge 192 and the ISAbus 198.

Referring to FIG. 2, the operation of the arbiter 82 during a memoryrequest will now be described. During operation the decoder/encoder 80,the first device 42, and the refresh logic 58, if it is present, requestaccess to the memory through the arbiter 82. There may also be otherdevices that request access to the memory 50 through this arbiter. Thearbiter 82 determines which of the devices gets access to the memory 50.The decoder/encoder gets access to the memory in the first timeinterval, and the first device gets access to the memory in the secondtime interval. The Direct Memory Access (DMA) engine 52 of thedecoder/encoder 80 determines the priority of the decoder/encoder 80 foraccess to the memory 50 and of the burst length when the decoder/encoder80 has access to the memory. The DMA engine 60 of the first devicedetermines its priority for access to the memory 50 and the burst lengthwhen the first device 42 has access to the memory.

The decoder/encoder 80 or one of the other devices generates a requestto access the memory 50. The request will be transferred to the arbiter82. The state of the arbiter 82 is determined. The arbiter typically hasthree states. The first state is idle when there is no device accessingthe memory and there are no requests to access the memory. The secondstate is busy when there is a device accessing the memory and there isno other request to access the memory. The third state is queue whenthere is a device accessing the memory and there is another request toaccess the memory.

It is also determined if two requests are issued simultaneously. Thiscan be performed either before or after determining the state of thearbiter. Access to the memory is determined according to the followingchart.

Simultaneous Arbiter state requests Action Idle Yes One of the requestsgets access to the memory based on the priority scheme, and the otherrequest is queued. Busy Yes Both requests are queued in an order basedon the priority scheme. Queue Yes Both requests are queued in an orderbased on the priority scheme. Idle No The device gets access to thememory. Busy No The request is queued. Queue No The requests are queuedin an order based on the priority scheme.

The priority scheme can be any priority scheme that ensures that thedecoder/encoder 80 gets access to the memory 50 often enough and forenough of a burst length to operate properly, yet not starve the otherdevices sharing the memory. The priority of the first device, devicepriority, and the priority of the decoder/encoder 80, decoder priority,are determined by the priority scheme. This can be accomplished inseveral ways.

To operate in real time, the decoder/encoder 80 has to decode an entireimage in time to be able to display it the next time the screen isrefreshed, which is typically every 1/30 of a second. Thedecoder/encoder 80 should get access to the memory to store and retrieveparts of this and/or of past and/or future images, depending on thedecoding standard being used, often enough and for long enough burstlengths to be able to decode the entire image in the 1/30 of a secondbetween screen refreshes.

There are many ways to do this. One way is to make the burst length ofthe first device and any other device like the screen refresh thatshares the memory and memory interface (hereinafter sharing device) haveshort burst lengths, and to make sure that the same device is not thenext device to get access to the memory when other devices have beenwaiting for a long time. Another way is to preempt the sharing device ifits burst length exceeds a burst length threshold and again to make surethat the same device is not the next device to get access to the memorywhen other devices have been waiting for a long time. Preferably, whenthe preemption is used the sharing device would be preempted when itsburst length exceeds 16 words. A third way is to limit the bandwidthavailable to the sharing devices. This way the decoder/encoder 80 alwayshas enough bandwidth to operate in real time. Preferably the bandwidthof the sharing devices is limited only when the decoder/encoder 80 isoperating. In the preferred embodiment a memory queue such as a FIFO inthe decoder/encoder 80 generates an error signal when it falls below adata threshold. The error is sent to the CPU 152 and the CPU 152 caneither shut down the system, drop an image frame or resume thedecoding/encoding process.

There are also many ways to make sure that the same device is not thenext device to get access to the memory when other devices have beenwaiting for a long time. This both ensures that the decoder/encoder 80gets access to the memory 50 often enough, yet does not starve the otherdevices sharing the memory. One way to do this is to disallowback-to-back requests. Another is to have shifting priority, where aparticular request starts with a lower priority when first made, and thepriority increases with the length of time the request is in the queue,eventually reaching a priority above all of the other requests. In thepreferred embodiment, the decoder/encoder 80 has a one-clock cycle delaybetween requests to allow a sharing device to generate a request betweenthe decoder/encoder requests.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the burst length of thedecoder/encoder is relatively short, approximately four to seventeenwords. This allows the graphics accelerator more frequent access to thememory to ensure that the display is not disturbed by the sharing of thememory interface 48 and memory 50 when the decoder/encoder shares amemory with the graphics accelerator 200.

An electronic system 40, shown in FIG. 2, containing the first device 42coupled to the memory 50, the decoder/encoder 80 coupled to the samememory 50, where the decoder/encoder 80 shares the memory 50 with thefirst device 42 provides several advantages. Referring to FIG. 2 andFIG. 1 b simultaneously, the decoder 44 and encoder 46 according to thepreferred embodiment of the invention do not each need their owndedicated memory 22 that was necessary in the prior art for thedecoder/encoder to operate in real time, resulting in significantreduction in the cost of the device. Allowing the decoder/encoder 80 toshare the memory 50 with a first device 42 and to allow thedecoder/encoder 80 to access the memory 50 through a fast bus 70 havinga bandwidth of a least the bandwidth threshold permits thedecoder/encoder to operate in real time. This reduces stops betweenimages and the dropping of a significant number of frames to a pointwhere both are practically eliminated. This produces better images andeliminates any discontinuities and delays present in the prior art.

Additionally, in the embodiment of the invention where the fast bus 70is a system bus to which the decoder/encoder 80 is already coupled, thenumber of pins of the decoder/encoder 80 is considerably smaller thanthat of a conventional decoder. The decoder/encoder according to theinvention only requires the signals of the peripheral bus 170 (49signals for the PCI bus), while a conventional decoder further includesan interface with its dedicated memory 22, which is typically anexternal memory.

Thus, decoding in a computer can be performed according to the inventionby means of a low-cost (due to the small number of pins) singleintegrated circuit, without the additional, costly, dedicated memory 22.This single integrated circuit can be directly placed on the computermotherboard for a low additional cost. Of course, the decoder/encoderaccording to the invention can be mounted, as is conventional, on anextension board to be connected to a bus.

A further advantage of the present invention is that the video and/oraudio decompression and/or compression device can share memory with thefirst device without being integrated into the first device. This allowsthe first device to be a standard device with some adjustments made toits memory interface.

Further background on compression can be found in: InternationalOrganization for Standards, Information Technology—Coding of MovingPictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About1.5 Mbits/S, Parts 1-6, International Organization for Standards;International Standards Organization, Information Technology—GenericCoding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information, Parts 1-4,International Organization for Standards; Datasheet “STi3500A” Datasheetof SGS-THOMSON Microelectronics; STi3500A—Advanced Information for anMPEG Audio/MPEG-2 Video Integrated Decoder” (June 1995); Watkinson,John, Compression in Video and Audio, Focal Press, 1995; Minoli, Daniel,Video Dialtone Technology, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995. Further backgroundon computer architecture can be found in Anderson, Don and Tom Shanley,ISA System Architecture, 3rd ed., John Swindle ed., MindShare Inc.,Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1995. All of the above references areincorporated herein by reference.

While the invention has been specifically, described with reference toseveral preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those ofordinary skill in the prior art having reference to the currentspecification and drawings that various modifications may be made andvarious alternatives are possible therein without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. For example: Although the memory isdescribed as DRAM, other types of memories including read-only memories,Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs), or FIFOs may be used withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

Any conventional decoder including a decoder complying to the MPEG-1,MPEG-2, H.261, or H.261 standards, or any combination of them, or anyother conventional standard can be used as the decoder/encoder.

1. A computing system comprising: a memory configured to storecompressed image data in a compressed data buffer structure, the memoryfurther configured to store intra-picture image data in a first imagebuffer and predicted-picture image data in a second image buffer; amemory interface coupled to the memory and configured to arbitrateaccess to the memory; a central processing unit (CPU) coupled to thememory interface and configured to direct operations of the computingsystem, the CPU sharing the memory with peripheral devices in thecomputing system; a video controller configured to decode bidirectionalimage data and send the decoded bidirectional image data to a displayadapter; an encoder/decoder configured to share the memory, theencoder/decoder further configured retrieve compressed image data fromthe compressed data buffer structure and send intra-picture image datato the first image buffer and predicted-picture image data to the secondimage buffer; the encoder/decoder further configured to sendbidirectional image data to the video controller; and a bus coupled tothe memory interface, the encoder/decoder, and the video controller, thebus having sufficient capacity to operate as the only bus in thecomputing system configured to transfer data in real time between thememory, the encoder/decoder, and the video controller.
 2. The computingsystem of claim 1, wherein the memory includes a DRAM.
 3. The computingsystem of claim 1, wherein the memory interface is configured toarbitrate access requests from the CPU, the decoder/encoder, and thevideo controller.
 4. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the CPUfurther includes a cache memory configured to store non-image data. 5.The computing system of claim 1, further comprising: a source ofcompressed image data coupled to the bus, the source configured tostream the compressed image data to the memory according to a fast busprotocol.
 6. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the videocontroller is configured to send decoded image data to the displayadapter according to an RGB protocol.
 7. The computing system of claim1, wherein the bus operates according to a peripheral componentinterconnect (PCI) bus protocol.
 8. The computing system of claim 1,wherein the bus operates according to an accelerated graphics port (AGP)bus protocol.
 9. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the busoperates according to a non-standardized bus protocol.
 10. The computingsystem of claim 1, wherein the compressed data buffer structure of thememory configurable dynamically.